注释:
①还有文献将认知冲突称为任务冲突、实质冲突,将情绪冲突称为情感冲突、关系冲突,这仅是语言习惯的不同,本质内涵不变。
②为保证该指标确实可代替高管学历,我们以是否具有科研经历作被解释变量,以高管学历作解释变量,进行Probit回归,结果发现两者显著正相关(p<0.001),即高管学历越高,其越有可能具有科研经历。
③为防止权力指标出现负数,采取min-max归一法,使映射结果位于[0,1]之间。
④Bentley等(2013)是用各企业各指标前5年的平均值计算企业每年的总得分,考虑到此次样本期间较短,企业战略未发生明显变化,且研发数据从2008年才开始记录,运用5年移动平均法会使样本量大大减小,本文直接依据样本期间内各指标的平均值进行打分排序。
⑤位于1-4位的行业得分为5;5-8位的行业得分为4;以此类推,排名最后的5个行业得分为1。
⑥由于研发数据大量缺失,此处采用平均分而非总得分。
⑦当高管团队中男女各占一半时,性别差异达到最大值0.5;教育水平与海外经历差异同理。
⑧当高管团队中九类职能背景均匀分配时,差异达到最大值0.89。
⑨考虑到同行业内高管团队的构建有所相似(Rajagopalan & Datta, 1996),因此各企业的六类高管差异及CEO权力大小会与行业平均水平相关,而该平均水平并不会影响到具体某个企业的绩效水平,因此同年度的行业均值是合适的工具变量。
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